Skip Headers
Oracle® Database Administrator's Reference
10g Release 2 (10.2) for hp OpenVMS

Part Number B25416-04
Go to Documentation Home
Home
Go to Book List
Book List
Go to Table of Contents
Contents
Go to Master Index
Master Index
Go to Feedback page
Contact Us

Go to previous page
Previous
PDF · Mobi · ePub

Index

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X 

A

accounts and groups, 1.4
ADDRESS specification protocols, 5.8.1
administering command-line SQL*Plus, 4.1
Advanced Security Option for Security and Single Sign-On
see ASO
ALTER DATABASE command, C.1
ALTER TABLESPACE command, B.3
/ANSI option, 6.3.3
ANSI standard compilers
compatibility with, 6.4.3
aqjms demonstrations, 7.4.1
ARCH process, C.1.2
archive logs
file naming, G.4
ARCHIVELOG mode, 1.1.2.4
archiving
redo files
automatically, C.1.2
manually, C.1.3
redo logs, C.1
ASO
authentication adapters
usage notes, 5.6.2
description, 5.6
authentication adapters
manual steps for ASO installation, 5.6.1
usage notes, 5.6.2
authorization
database file security, 1.5.2
AUTHORIZE utility, 1.9

B

BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST parameter, 1.6.1, 1.6.2, 5.5.5, D.2.1
backing up, C.2.3
closed database, C.2.1
open database, C.2.2
the database, C.2
procedures and tools, C
redo log files, 1.1.2.4
warning message, C.2.2
BACKUP utility, C.2, C.2.1, C.4.3.1
Bequeath listener, 5.4.4
determining the status, 5.4.4.2
error message ORA-12203, 5.4.4.4
getting trace information, 5.4.4.4
privileges, 5.4.4.5, 5.4.4.5
problem ORA-12203, 5.4.4.4
problem resolution, 5.4.4.4
shutting down, 5.4.4.3
starting up, 5.4.4.1
Bequeath protocol adapter, 5.1.1, 5.4.3, 5.4.3
description, 5.4.3
on startup of SQL*Plus, B.1
support, 5.9
binary integers, 6.9, 6.9
block size
tuning, 8.4.3
buffer manager, 8.4, 8.4
buffers
database buffer pool, 1.1.2.1
redo log buffers, 1.1.2.1

C

C programming language
precompiling, 6.2.1
Pro*C/C++, 6.5
C++ file demonstrations, 7.3
call arguments
using literals as, 6.10
canceling operations, F.1.1
methods, F.1.1, F.1.2
with option to continue, F.1.2
centralized configuration, 5.1.1, 5.1.1
client problem
ORA-12203, 5.4.4.4
client shared library, 6.1.6
client static library, 6.1.6
client/server
configuration, 5.1.2, 5.1.2
client/server network, 5.1.2
closed database
backing up, C.2.1
Cluster Ready Services, G.3
CLUSTER_INTERCONNECTS initialization parameter, 1.2.2, 1.2.2
COBOL, 6.2.1, 6.11
command-line SQL*Plus, 4.2
commands
CONNECT INTERNAL, E
DROP TABLESPACE, B.3.1
for managing database files, B.3.1
compatibility
with ANSI standard compilers, 6.4.3
compiler options, 6.3.1
compiling with programmatic interfaces, 6.3
configuration (Oracle Net Services)
centralized, 5.1.1
client/server, 5.1.2
distributed database, 5.1.3
configuration files
precompiler, 6.1.1
configuring
additional Oracle products, 3.1
CONNECT INTERNAL, E
CONTINUE command, F.1.2
control files
creating, B.2
identifying, B.2
control keys
disabling, F.1.3
CPU contention, 8.1
CPU usage
tuning, 8.7
CREATE CONTROLFILE parameter, A.1
CREATE DATABASE parameter, A.1
custom link files, 6.13

D

daabase instances
assigning IDs, 1.1.2
data areas, 6.9
data file locations, 1.1.3
data structures and definitions
backing up, C.2.3
data types, 6.9
database
automatic recovery, C.4.1
backing up, C.2
backing up structures and data definitions, C.2.3
creation methods
Oracle Database Configuration Assistant, 3.2.2
granting access to, 1.9
import and export messages, C.2.3
Database Configuration Assistant
described, 3.2.2
security management, 1.5.5
using, 3.2.2
using to install SQL*Plus online Help, 4.2.1
database files, 1.5.2
defined, 1.1.2.2
managing, B.3
database limits, 1.3
database verification utility, B.4, B.4
DB_BLOCK_SIZE, D.2.2
maximum value of, 1.2.1
DB_BLOCK_SIZE initialization parameter, 8.8, 8.8, 8.8
DB_CACHE_SIZE initialization parameter, 8.8
DB_CACHE_SIZE parameter, 1.1.2.1
DB_dbname directory, B.3
DB_nnK_CACHE_SIZE parameter, 1.1.2.1, 1.5.3, 1.5.3
DEBUG qualifier, 6.2.2
debugger, 6.2.2
debugger programs, 6.1.4
definitions and structures
backing up, C.2.3
demonstration
the procedural option, PL/SQL, 7.1
demonstration files
creating and running, 7.8
programmatic interfaces, 6.4.1
demonstration tables
creating manually, 4.1.3.2
deleting, 4.1.3.3
SQL*Plus, 4.1.3
demonstrations
aqjms, 7.4.1
C++ files, 7.3
extensible indexing, 7.2.1
Java file, 7.4
JavaVM, 7.4.3
JDBC, 7.6
Network Editor, 7.7.3
Oracle Spatial, 7.7
Oracle Text, 7.7
PL/SQL, 7.7.3, 7.7.3, 7.7.3, 7.7.3
PL/SQL kernel, 7.1.1
PL/SQL precompilers, 7.1.2
Pro*C/C++, 6.5.1
Pro*COBOL, 6.6.1, 6.6.2
Pro*FORTRAN, 6.7.1
proc demonstrations, 6.4.3
RDBMS, 7.2
rmanpipe.sql, 7.4.2
Spatial Network, 7.7.3
SQL*Loader, 7.8
XDK, 7.5
desupported initialization parameters
DB_FILE_DIRECT_IO_COUNT, 1.5.3
HASH_MULTIBLOCK_IO_COUNT, 1.5.3
detached processes, C.4.2
running Oracle programs as, F.2
disabling control keys, F.1.3
disk
monitoring performance, 8.6
disk I/O
contention, 8.1
tuning, 8.5
distributed database, 5.1.3
configuration, 5.1.3, 5.1.3
DROP TABLESPACE command, B.3.1

E

editor SQL*Plus, 4.3.1
error
ORA_12203, 5.4.4.4
ORA-12203, 5.4.4.4, 5.4.4.4
event flags
restrictions, 6.2.2
using, 6.12
export files
recovering data from, C.4.3.2
export messages, C.2.3
export utility, C.2.3, C.2.3
exporting files
to a non-OpenVMS system, C.2.3.2
to and from multiple tapes, C.3
to multiple tapes, C.3.2
to OpenVMS system, C.2.3.1
extensible indexing demonstrations, 7.2.1
extproc demonstration
running, 7.1.1

F

failure types, C.4.1
files
trace files, 1.6.1
fixed-length records, 7.8.1.1
FORMAT precompiler, 6.6.3
Pro*COBOL, 6.6.4
FORTRAN, 6.2.1, 6.11

G

glogin.sql file, 4.1.1.1

H

Help facility, 4.2.1
HOST
option for PRO<language> command, 6.2.1
HOST command, 4.3.2

I

import messages, C.2.3
import utility
for recovery, C.4.3.2
importing files
from multiple tapes, C.3.3
INCLUDE option, 6.2.1
initialization file
customizing, 1.5.3
initialization parameters, 1.2
BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST, 1.6.2
BITMAP_MERGE_AREA_SIZE, 1.5.3
CLUSTER_INTERCONNECTS, 1.2.2
COMMIT_POINT_STRENGTH, 1.5.3
CONTROL_FILES, 1.5.3
CREATE_BITMAP_AREA_SIZE, 1.5.3
DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS, 1.5.3
DB_BLOCK_SIZE, 1.5.3, 8.8, 8.8, 8.8
DB_CACHE_SIZE, 8.8
DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT, 1.5.3
DISTRIBUTED_TRANSACTIONS, 1.5.3
for System Global Area, 8.8
HASH_AREA_SIZE, 1.5.3
JAVA_POOL_SIZE, 1.5.3, 8.8
LARGE_POOL_SIZE, 8.8
LOG_BUFFER, 1.5.3
LOG_BUFFERS, 8.8
LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL, 1.5.3
MAX_DISPATCHERS, 1.5.3
MAX_DUMP_FILE, 1.6.1
MAX_SERVERS, 1.5.3
NLS_LANGUAGE, 1.5.3
NLS_TERRITORY, 1.5.3
not to be modified, 1.5.3
OBJECT_CACHE_MAX_SIZE_PERCENT, 1.5.3
OBJECT_CACHE_OPTIMAL_SIZE, 1.5.3
OPEN_CURSORS, 1.5.3
OS_AUTHENT_PREFIX, 1.5.3
SHARED_POOL_SIZE, 8.8
SHARED_SERVERS, 1.5.3
system dependent, D.2
USER_DUMP_DEST, 1.6.1
init.ora
initialization parameters, D.2
INIT.ORA file, C.1.2
at startup, 1.1.2.1
INIT.ORA parameters, 5.5.5
initsid.ora file, 1.5.3, 1.5.3
installing
PL/SQL gateway, 1.7
instance failure, C.4.1
recovering from, C.4.2
restarting after, C.4.2
instance recovery, C.4.1
instances, 1.1.2
interrupting
and terminating Oracle operations, F.1
SQL*Plus, 4.3.3
I/O
improving, 1.1.2.1
tuning, 8.5
IPC address, 5.10
IPC protocol, 5.10
IPC protocol support, 5.10
connection parameters, 5.10
IRECLEN parameter, 6.1.4

J

Java file demonstrations, 7.4
JAVA_POOL_SIZE initialization parameters, 8.8
JavaVM demonstrations, 7.4.3
JDBC demonstrations, 7.6

K

Kerberos5
authentication adapter usage notes, 5.6.2
during ASO installation, 5.6.1
kernel demonstrations
PL/SQL, 7.1.1

L

LARGE_POOL_SIZE initialization parameters, 8.8
library
client shared and static libraries, 6.1.6
link files
custom, 6.13
linking
LNPRO<language> symbol, 6.4
OCI routines, 6.8.1
LISTENER.ORA, 5.5.4
LISTENER.ORA file, 5.4.1, 5.5
and authentication adapters, 5.6.2
literals
using as call arguments, 6.10
LNK$LIBRARY, 6.4.3
LNOCIC.COM, 6.8.3
LNOCI.COM, 6.8.4
locked accounts
unlocking, 1.5.5
log writer process (LGWR), 8.7
LOG_ARCHIVE_ FORMAT parameter, D.2.4
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST parameter, C.1.1, C.1.2, C.1.3, D.2.3
LOG_ARCHIVE_START parameter, C.1.2
LOG_BUFFER parameter, 1.1.2.1
LOG_BUFFERS initialization parameters, 8.8
LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL parameter, 1.1.2.3, C.1
logical name definitions
for MTS Dispatcher, D.1.2
logical names
identification, 1.1.3
quotas, D.1.1
using to specify files, 1.1.2.5
LOGINOUT, F.2
login.sql file, 4.1.1.2
LOUTL, 6.4.3
LOUTL.COM
linking sharable images with, 6.4.3
LRS
See Log roll-forward server (LRS), A, B, D, E, F
LSNRCTL mode
cautions with TNS listener, 5.5.1
LSNRCTL START, 5.5.1
LSNRCTL utility
starting TNS listener, 5.5.1
LSNRCTL.COM, 5.5.3

M

mailbox protocol adapter, 5.4.1, 5.4.1
managing
database files, B.3
memory, 8.4
special accounts and groups, 1.4
MAXDATAFILES parameter, A.1
MAXINSTANCES parameter, A.1, A.1
MAXLOGFILES parameter, A.1
MAXLOGHISTORY parameter, A.1
MAXLOGMEMBERS parameter, A.1
media failure, C.4.1
recovering from, C.4.3
media recovery, C.4.1
after failure, C.4.3.1
memory
contention, 8.1
tuning, 8.4
memory management, 8.4
control paging, 8.4.2
swap space, 8.4.1
messages
import and export, C.2.3
Microsoft Windows PC client
starting Oracle Database 10g, 2.1.4
moving
tablespace files, B.3.4
MTS Dispatcher
logical names for, D.1.2
multiple tapes
exporting to, C.3.2
exporting to and from, C.3
importing files from, C.3.3
multi-reel export files, C.3.1

N

Network Editor demonstration, 7.7.3
newline characters, 7.8.1.1
removing, 7.8.1.2
NOARCHIVELOG mode, 1.1.2.4
non-OpenVMS system
exporting files to, C.2.3.2

O

open database
backing up, C.2.2
OpenVMS
BACKUP utility, C.2, C.2.1
debugger, 6.2.2
event flags, 6.2.2
exporting files to, C.2.3.1
protocol adapters, 5.4
OpenVMS Client
starting Oracle Database 10g remotely by using, 2.1.3
operating system
accounts and groups, 1.4
ORA_LSNR, 5.5.3
ORA_ROOT directory, 1.1.2.2, C.1.2
ORA-12203, 5.4.4.4, 5.4.4.4, 5.4.4.4
oracle
accounts and groups, 1.4
Oracle Call Interface
linking programs in other languages, 6.8.4
programs in the C programming language, 6.8.3
routines, 6.8, 6.8
Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR), G.3
administering, G.3
managing, G.3
Oracle Database 10g
compiler options, 6.3.1
granting access privileges, 1.9
logical names, D.1
recovery, C.4.1
remote starting, 2.1.3
shutting down, 2.2
by using SQL*Plus, 2.2.1
SQL*Loader demonstration files included, 7.8
starting, 2.1
starting remotely, 2.1.4
tuning, 8.1
Oracle Management Agent
starting, 2.3.1
stopping, 2.3.1
Oracle Net listener
restarting, 2.3
stopping, 2.3
Oracle Net Services, 5.1.3
ADDRESS specification, 5.8.1
and mailbox protocol adapter, 5.4.1
and Transparent Network Substrate (TNS), 5.3
BEQ protocol, 5.9
Bequeath adapter, 5.1.1
configuration
overview, 5.1
types, 5.1
files and utilities, 5.7
IPC protocol, 5.10
protocol adapters automatically installed, 5.2
protocol support, 5.8
support for TCP/IP, 5.4.2
TCP/IP protocol, 5.11
using, 5.3
Oracle Network Configuration Assistant
described, 3.2.1
Oracle operations
interrupting and terminating, F.1
Oracle products
configuring the database for additional, 3.1
Oracle programmatic interfaces
compiling, 6.3
FORTRAN %REF directive, 6.10
HOST option, 6.2.1
linking, 6.4
LNOCIC.COM, 6.8.3
LNOCI.COM, 6.8.4
LNPRO<language> symbol, 6.4
OCI routines, 6.8.1
optional call parameters, 6.11
precompiling, 6.2
PRO<language> symbol, 6.2.2
Oracle programs
running as detached processes, F.2
Oracle Real Application Clusters
CLUSTER_INTERCONNECTS initialization parameter, 1.2.2
system tuning, 8.1
Oracle Real Application Clusters mode, C.1, C.1.2, C.1.2, C.4.3.1
Oracle resources contention, 8.1
Oracle run-time system
Pro*COBOL, 6.6.1
Oracle Shared Server, 5.1.1, 5.5, 5.5
Oracle software owner
special accounts, 1.4
Oracle Spatial demonstrations, 7.7, 7.7.2
Oracle Spatial Network demonstrations, 7.7.3
Oracle Text, 7.7.1
Oracle Text demonstrations, 7.7
oracle user account, 1.4
ORACLE_SID logical, 2.1.2.1
default value, 1.1.2
ORACLE.EXE file, 1.1.1.1
orapwd utility, 1.5.4, 1.5.4, 1.5.4
ORASRV_NETV2_SID.COM command, 5.5.4
ORAUSER.COM
restarting Oracle Net listener, 2.3
to start server using SQL*Plus, 2.1.2.3
to stop Oracle Net listener, 2.3
using to start up Oracle, 2.1.1
ORECLEN parameter, 6.1.4

P

page-out solutions, 8.4.2
paging, 8.4.2
paging space, 8.4
tuning, 8.4, 8.4.2
parameters
CREATE CONTROLFILE, A.1
CREATE DATABASE, A.1
MAXDATAFILES, A.1
MAXLOGFILES, A.1
MAXLOGHISTORY, A.1
MAXLOGMEMBERS, A.1
optional with programmatic interfaces, 6.11
Pascal, 6.2.1
password
management, 1.5.5
performance bottlenecks
types, 8.1
PL/I, 6.2.1
PL/SQL
demonstration files
loading, 7.1
running, 7.8
kernel demonstrations, 7.1.1
precompiler demonstrations, 7.1.2
Pl/SQL demonstration, 7.7.3, 7.7.3, 7.7.3, 7.7.3
PL/SQL demonstrations, 7.1, 7.1
PL/SQL gateway
installing, 1.7, 1.7
postinstallation tasks
configuration assistants, 3.2
PRE_PAGE_SG, D.2.5
precompiler files
configuration files, 6.1.1
demonstrations, 7.1.2
overview, 6.1
precompiler README files, 6.1.3
precompilers
uppercase to lowercase conversion, 6.1.4
value of IRECLEN and RECLEN, 6.1.4
vendor debugger programs, 6.1.4
precompiling
guidelines and restrictions, 6.2.2, 6.2.2
options, 6.2.1
syntax and example, 6.2
privileges
and process rights identifier, E
Pro*C/C++
demonstrations, 6.5.1
user programs, 6.5.2
using, 6.5
Pro*COBOL, 6.3.3, 6.6, 6.6
demonstrations, 6.6.1, 6.6.2
FORMAT precompiler, 6.6.3, 6.6.4
naming differences, 6.6
Oracle run time system, 6.6.1
user programs, 6.6.3
proc demonstrations, 6.4.3
process quotas
TNS listener, 5.5.3
Process Rights Identifier, E
PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE Table, 4.1.2
protocol adapters
Bequeath adapter, 5.4.3
installed with Oracle Net Services, 5.2
mailbox protocol, 5.4.1
on OpenVMS, 5.4
TCP/IP protocol, 5.4.2
protocols
ADDRESS specification, 5.8.1
Oracle Net Services, 5.8

Q

quotas
logical names, D.1.1

R

RDBMS demonstrations, 7.2
recovering
data from export files, C.4.3.2
from media failure, C.4.3
the database, C, C.4
redo log files
archiving, 1.1.2.4, C.1
automatically, C.1.2
manually, C.1.3
default names for, 1.1.2.4
defining, 1.1.2.3
modes of use, 1.1.2.4, C.1
moving, B.3.5
reusing, 1.1.2.4, 1.1.2.4
size of, 1.1.2.4
relinking executables, 3.3
remote
starting Oracle Database 10g by using OpenVMS client, 2.1.3
remote connections parameters
OS_AUTHENT_PREFIX, 1.5.4
removing
sharable images, 2.2.3
removing online Help in SQL*Plus, 4.2.2
REPLY/ENABLE=TAPES command, C.3
restarting an instance after failure, C.4.2
restrictions (SQL*Plus), 4.4
resizing windows, 4.4.1
return codes, 4.4.2
RMAN
for backup, C.2.3
rmanpipe.sql demonstrations, 7.4.2
rolling transactions
backward, in data recovery, C.4.1
forward, in data recovery, C.4.1
root
accounts and groups, 1.4
user, 1.4
running operating system commands, 4.3.2

S

SDO Network Example demonstrations, 7.7.3
security, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5.1, 1.5.2
file ownership, 1.5
for database files, 1.5.2
group accounts, 1.5
Server Manager access, 1.5.1
SHUTDOWN command, 1.5.1
STARTUP command, 1.5.1
two-task architecture, 1.5
unlocking accounts, 1.5.5
Server Manager, 2.1.2.3
commands, 1.5.1
security, 1.5.1
setup files
SQL*Plus, 4.1.1
SGA, 8.8
determining, 8.8.1
see System Global Area
shadow process, 1.5
sharable images
linking with LOUTL.COM, 6.4.3
removing, 2.2.3
shared pool, 1.1.2.1
SHARED_POOL_SIZE, D.2.6
SHARED_POOL_SIZE initialization parameters, 8.8
SHOW_LINK_COMMAND, 6.4.3
SHUTDOWN command, 1.5.1, C.4.2
security, 1.5.1
SHUTDOWN NORMAL command, C.2.1
shutting down
Oracle Database 10g, 2.2
by using SQL*Plus, 2.2.1
SID
system ID, setting, 1.1.2
site profile SQL*Plus, 4.1.1.1
SORT_AREA_SIZE, D.2.7
Spatial demonstrations, 7.7.2
Spatial Network demonstrations, 7.7.3
special operating system accounts, 1.4
SPOOL command
using in SQL*Plus, 4.3.4
SQL scripts, 8.3
SQL*Loader
administering, 7.8.1
demonstration files, 7.8, 7.8
newline characters in fixed-length records, 7.8.1.1
SQL*Plus, 2.1.2.3
administering command-line, 4.1
default editor, 4.3.1
demonstration tables, 4.1.3
editor, 4.3.1
Help facility, 4.2.1
installing command-line Help, 4.2
interrupting, 4.3.3, 4.3.3
PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE Table, 4.1.2
removing online Help, 4.2.2
restrictions, 4.4
running operating system commands, 4.3.2
setup files, 4.1.1
site profile, 4.1.1.1
SPOOL command, 4.3.4
starting
Oracle Database 10g remotely by using, 2.1.3
starting Oracle Database 10g, 2.1.2
system editor, 4.3.1
to shut down Oracle Database 10g, 2.2.1
user profile, 4.1.1.2
using, 4.3
to start Oracle Database 10g from Microsoft Windows client, 2.1.4
using to start Oracle Database 10g, 2.1.2.3
starting Oracle Database 10g, 2.1
by using SQL*Plus, 2.1.2.3
remotely
by using a Microsoft Windows PC client, 2.1.4
with SQL*Plus, 2.1.2
startup
parameters, 2.1.2.2
STARTUP command, 1.5.1, 2.1.2.3, C.4.2
static and dynamically linking
Oracle libraries and precompilers, 6.1.5
structures and definitions
backing up, C.2.3
superuser, 1.4
swap space, 8.4
tuning, 8.4
system editor
SQL*Plus, 4.3.1
System Global Area
components, 1.1.2.1
defined, 1.1.2.1
initialization parameters, 8.8
SYSTEM tablespace
removing, B.3

T

tablespace files
moving, B.3.4
TCP/IP, 5.4.1
adapter, 5.4.2
protocol, 5.11
ADDRESS, 5.10, 5.11.1
protocol adapter version, 5.4.2
terminating and interrupting Oracle operations, F.1
thread support, 6.14
TNS
see transparent network substrate
TNS listener
and process quotas, 5.5.3
cautions, 5.5.1, 5.5.1
general connections, 5.5.5
introduction, 5.5
privileges, 5.4.4.5, 5.5.2
specific to OpenVMS Alpha, 5.5
starting, using LSNRCTL, 5.5.1
trace and alert files
alert files, 1.6.2
generate by instance failure, C.4.2
trace file names, 1.6.1
using, 1.6
trace information
for Bequeath listener, 5.4.4.4, 5.4.4.4
Transparent Network Substrate (TNS), 5.3
and Oracle Net Services, 5.3
tuning, 8.4, 8.4
CPU usage, 8.7
disk I/O, 8.5
I/O bottlenecks, 8.5
memory management, 8.4
Oracle Database 10g, 8.1
performance bottlenecks, 8.1
trace and alert files, 1.6
tuning tools
Oracle SQL, 8.3
two-task, 1.5

U

upgraded databases
configuring, 3.2.3
user profile
SQL*Plus, 4.1.1.2
user programs
for Pro*C/C++, 6.5.2
Pro*COBOL, 6.6.3
USER_DUMP_DEST, 1.6.1, 5.5.5, D.2.8
using command-line SQL*Plus on OpenVMS, 4.3
utilities
database verification, B.4
UTLRP.SQL
recompiling invalid SQL modules, 3.2.3

V

V$DBFILE, B.3.3

W

warning message, during backup, C.2.2

X

XDK demonstrations, 7.5