10 TimesTen Database Performance Tuning

Provide enough memory

Performance impact: Large

Configure your system so that the entire database fits in main memory. The use of virtual memory substantially decreases performance. The database or working set does not fit if a performance monitoring tool shows excessive paging or virtual memory activity.

You may have to add physical memory or configure the system software to allow a large amount of shared memory to be allocated to your process(es). TimesTen includes the ttSize utility to help you estimate the size of tables in your database. For more information, see "ttSize" in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Reference.

Size your database correctly

Performance impact: Variable

When you create a database, you are required to specify a database size. Specifically, you specify sizes for the permanent and temporary partitions of the database. For details on how to size the database and shared memory, see "Specifying the size of a database".

Calculate shared memory size for PL/SQL runtime

Performance impact: Variable

The PL/SQL runtime system uses an area of shared memory to hold metadata about PL/SQL objects in TimesTen and the executable code for PL/SQL program units that are currently being executed or that have recently been executed. The size of this shared memory area is controlled by the PLSQL_MEMORY_SIZE first connect attribute.

When a new PL/SQL program unit is prepared for execution, it is loaded into shared memory. If shared memory space is not available, the cached recently-executed program units are discarded from memory until sufficient shared memory space is available. If all of the PL/SQL shared memory is being used by currently executing program units, then attempts by a new connection to execute PL/SQL may result in out of space errors, such as ORA-04031. If this happens, increase the PLSQL_MEMORY_SIZE.

Even if such out of space errors do not occur, the PLSQL_MEMORY_SIZE may be too small. It is less expensive in CPU time to execute a PL/SQL procedure that is cached in shared memory than one that is not cached. In a production application, the goal should be for PLSQL_MEMORY_SIZE to be large enough so that frequently-executed PL/SQL units are always cached. The TimesTen built-in procedure ttPLSQLMemoryStats can be used to determine how often this occurs. The PinHitRatio value returned is a real number between 0 and 1.

• 1.0: A value of 1.0 means that every PL/SQL execution occurred from the cache.

• 0.0: A value of 0.0 means that every execution required that the program unit be loaded into shared memory.

The proper value of PLSQL_MEMORY_SIZE for a given application depends on the application. If only a small number of PL/SQL program units are repeatedly executed, then the size requirements can be small. If the application uses hundreds of PL/SQL program units, memory requirements increase.

Performance increases dramatically as the PinHitRatio goes up. In one set of experiments, an application program repeatedly executed a large number of PL/SQL stored procedures. With a larger value for PLSQL_MEMORY_SIZE, the application results in a PinHitRatio of around 90%, and the average execution time for a PL/SQL procedure was 0.02 seconds. With a smaller value for PLSQL_MEMORY_SIZE, there was more contention for the cache, resulting in a PinHitRatio of 66%. In this experiment the average execution time was 0.26 seconds.

The default value for PLSQL_MEMORY_SIZE is 32 MB on UNIX systems and 23 MB on Windows 32-bit systems. This should be sufficient for several hundred PL/SQL program units of reasonable complexity to execute. After running a production workload for some time, check the value of PinHitRatio. If it is less than 0.90, consider increasing PLSQL_MEMORY_SIZE.

Increase LogBufMB if needed

Performance impact: Large

Log buffer waits occur when application processes cannot insert transaction data to the log buffer and must stall to wait for log buffer space to be freed. The usual reason for this is that the log flusher thread has not cleared out data fast enough. This may indicate that log buffer space is insufficient, disk bandwidth is insufficient, writing to disk is taking too long, or the log flusher is CPU-bound.

Increasing the value of LogBufMB and LogFileSize can have a substantial positive performance impact. If LOG_BUFFER_WAITS is increasing, increase the value of LogBufMB. If log buffer waits still persist after increasing the LogBufMb and LogFileSize values, then review the other possible issues mentioned above.

The trade-off from increasing the value of LogBufMb is that more transactions are buffered in memory and may be lost if the process crashes. If DurableCommits are enabled, increasing the default LogBufMB value does not improve performance.

Use temporary databases if appropriate

Performance impact: Variable

A TimesTen database may be permanent or temporary. A temporary database disappears when the last connection goes away or when there is a system or application failure. For information on temporary databases, see "Database overview".

If you do not need to save the database to disk, you can save checkpoint overhead by creating a temporary database.

Temporary databases are never fully checkpointed to disk, although the transaction log is periodically written to disk. The amount of data written to the transaction log for temporary databases is less than that written for permanent databases, allowing better performance for temporary databases. Checkpoint operations can have significant overhead for permanent databases, depending on database size and activity, but have very little impact for temporary databases. Checkpoints are still necessary to remove transaction log files.

Avoid connection overhead

Performance impact: Large

By default, TimesTen loads an idle database, which is a database with no connections, into memory when a first connection is made to it. When the final application disconnects from a database, a delay occurs when the database is written to disk. If applications are continually connecting and disconnecting from a database, the database may be loaded to and unloaded from memory continuously, resulting in excessive disk I/O and poor performance. Similarly, if you are using a very large database you may want to pre-load the database into memory before any applications attempt to use it.

To avoid the latency of loading a database into memory, you can change the RAM policy of the database to allow databases to always remain in memory. The trade-off is that since the database is never unloaded from memory, a final disconnect checkpoint never occurs. So, applications should checkpoint the database explicitly in order to reduce the disk space taken up by transaction log files.

Alternatively, you can specify that the database remain in memory for a specified interval of time and accept new connections. If no new connections occur in this interval, TimesTen unloads the database from memory and checkpoints it. You can also specify a setting to enable a system administrator to load and unload the database from memory manually.

To change the RAM policy of a database, use the ttAdmin utility. For more details on the RAM policy and the ttAdmin utility, see "Specifying a RAM policy" and "ttAdmin" in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Reference.

Load the database into RAM when duplicating

Performance impact: Large

When you duplicate a database, use the -ramLoad option of the ttAdmin utility. This places the database in memory, available for connections, instead of unloading it with a blocking checkpoint. For more information, see "Avoid connection overhead" in this book and the "ttAdmin" section in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Reference.

Prevent reloading of the database after automatic recovery fails

Performance impact: Large

When TimesTen recovers after a database is invalidated, a new database is reloaded. However, the invalidated database is only unloaded after all connections to this database are closed. Thus, both the invalidated database and the recovered database could exist in RAM at the same time.

Reloading a large database into memory when an invalidated database still exists in memory can fill up available RAM. See "Preventing an automatic reload of the database after failure" on how to stop automatic reloading of the database.

Reduce contention

Database contention can substantially impede application performance.

To reduce contention in your application:

• Choose the appropriate locking method. See "Choose the best method of locking".

• Distribute data strategically in multiple tables or databases.

If your application suffers a decrease in performance because of lock contention and a lack of concurrency, reducing contention is an important first step in improving performance.

The LOCK_GRANTS_IMMED, LOCK_GRANTS_WAIT and LOCK_DENIALS_COND columns in the SYS.MONITOR table provide some information on lock contention:

• LOCK_GRANTS_IMMED counts how often a lock was available and was immediately granted at lock request time.

• LOCK_GRANTS_WAIT counts how often a lock request was granted after the requestor had to wait for the lock to become available.

• LOCK_DENIALS_COND counts how often a lock request was not granted because the requestor did not want to wait for the lock to become available.

If limited concurrency results in a lack of throughput, or if response time is an issue, an application can serialize JDBC calls to avoid contention. This can be achieved by having a single thread issue all those calls. Using a single thread requires some queuing and scheduling on the part of the application, which has to trade off some CPU time for a decrease in contention and wait time. The result is higher performance for low-concurrency applications that spend the bulk of their time in the database.

Avoid operating system paging at load time

Performance impact: Medium

All of the TimesTen platform operating systems implement a dynamic file system buffer pool in main memory. If this buffer pool is allowed to be large, TimesTen and the operating system both retain a copy of the file in memory, causing some of the TimesTen shared segment to be paged out.

This behavior may not occur for databases that are less than half of the installed memory size. On some systems, it is possible to limit the amount of main memory used by the file system. On other systems, this effect is less pronounced.

On AIX, you can avoid paging by configuring large pages, which locks the shared segment into memory so it cannot be paged. See "Large pages (AIX)" in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Installation Guide for details on how to configure large pages on AIX.

On Linux, you can avoid paging by configuring large pages, which locks the shared segment into memory so it cannot be paged. See "Large pages (Linux)" in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Installation Guide for details on how to configure large pages on Linux.

Consider special options for maintenance

Performance impact: Medium

During special operations such as initial loading, you can choose different options than you would use during normal operations. In particular, consider using database-level locking for bulk loading; an example would be using ttBulkCp or ttMigrate. These choices can improve loading performance by a factor of two.

An alternative to database-level locking is to exploit concurrency. Multiple copies of ttBulkCp -i can be run using the -notblLock option. Optimal batching for ttBulkCp occurs by adding the -xp 256 option. ttMigrate can be run with -numThreads option to load individual or multiple tables concurrently.

For more details, see "ttBulkCp" and "ttMigrate" in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Reference.

Check your driver

Performance impact: Large

There are two versions of the TimesTen Data Manager driver for each platform: a debug and production version. Unless you are debugging, use the production version. The debug library can be significantly slower. See "Specify the Data Manager DSN" and "Specify the ODBC driver" for a description of the TimesTen Data Manager drivers for the different platforms.

On Windows, make sure that applications that use the ODBC driver manager use a DSN that accesses the correct TimesTen driver. Make sure that applications are linked with the correct TimesTen driver. For direct connect applications, use the TimesTen Data Manager driver. An application can call the ODBC SQLGetInfo function with the SQL_DRIVER_NAME argument to determine which driver it is using.

Enable tracing only as needed

Performance impact: Large

Both ODBC and JDBC provide a trace facility to help debug applications. For performance runs, make sure that tracing is disabled except when debugging applications.

To turn the JDBC tracing on, use:

DriverManager.setLogStream method:
DriverManager.setLogStream(new PrintStream(System.out, true));

By default tracing is off. You must call this method before you load a JDBC driver. Once you turn the tracing on, you cannot turn it off for the entire execution of the application.

Use metrics to evaluate performance

You can use the ttStats utility to collect and display database metrics. The ttStats utility can perform the following functions.

• Monitor and display database performance metrics in real-time, calculating rates of change during each preceding interval.

• Collect and store snapshots of metrics to the database then produce reports with values and rates of change from specified pairs of snapshots. (These functions are performed through calls to the TT_STATS PL/SQL package.)

The ttStats utility gathers metrics from TimesTen system tables, views, and built-in procedures. In reports, this includes information such as a summary of memory usage, connections, and load profile, followed by metrics (as applicable) for SQL statements, transactions, PL/SQL memory, replication, logs and log holds, checkpoints, cache groups, cache grid, latches, locks, XLA, and TimesTen connection attributes.

For details on the ttStats utility, see "ttStats" in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Reference. For more details on the TT_STATS PL/SQL package, see "TT_STATS" in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database PL/SQL Packages Reference.

Investigate alternative JVMs

Performance impact: Variable

JRockit and IBM provide JVMs that may perform better than the Sun JVM.

Migrate data with character set conversions

Performance impact: Variable

If character set conversion is requested when migrating databases, performance may be slower than if character set conversion is not requested.

Diagnose Client/Server performance

You can analyze your Client/Server performance with the following statistics that are tracked in the SYS.SYSTEMSTATS table that can also be viewed with either the ttStats utility or the TT_STATS PL/SQL package:

• Total number of executions from a Client/Server application.

• Total number of INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT, MERGE, ALTER, CREATE, DROP statements executed by the server.

• Total number of transactions committed or rolled back by the server.

• Total number of table rows inserted, updated, or deleted by the server.

• Total number of Client/Server roundtrips.

• Total number of bytes transmitted or received by the server.

• Total number of Client/Server disconnects.

Work locally when possible

Performance impact: Large

Using TimesTen Client to access databases on a remote server machine adds network overhead to your connections. Whenever possible, write your applications to access the TimesTen Data Manager locally, and link the application directly with the TimesTen Data Manager.

Choose a timeout interval

By default, connections wait 10 seconds to acquire a lock. To change the timeout interval for locks, use the ttLockWait built-in procedure.

For more details, see "ttLockWait" in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Reference.

Choose the best method of locking

When multiple connections access a database simultaneously, TimesTen uses locks to ensure that the various transactions operate in apparent isolation. TimesTen supports the isolation levels described in Chapter 7, "Transaction Management". It also supports the locking levels: database-level locking, table-level locking and row-level locking. You can use the LockLevel connection attribute to indicate whether database-level locking or row-level locking should be used. Use the ttOptSetFlag procedure to set optimizer hints that indicate whether table locks should be used. The default lock granularity is row-level locking.

Use shared memory segment as IPC when client and server are on the same machine

Performance impact: Variable

The TimesTen Client normally communicates with TimesTen Server using TCP/IP sockets. If both the TimesTen Client and TimesTen Server are on the same machine, client applications show improved performance by using a shared memory segment or a UNIX domain socket for inter-process communication (IPC).

To use a shared memory segment as IPC, you must set the server options in the ttendaemon.options file. For a description of the server options, see "Modifying the TimesTen Server options".

In addition, applications that use shared memory for IPC must use a logical server name for the Client DSN with ttShmHost as the Network Address. For more information, see "Creating and configuring Client DSNs on UNIX".

This feature may require a significant amount of shared memory. The TimesTen Server pre-allocates the shared memory segment irrespective of the number of existing connections or the number of statements within all connections.

If your application is running on a UNIX machine and you are concerned about memory usage, the applications using TimesTen Client ODBC driver may improve the performance by using UNIX domain sockets for communication. The performance improvement when using UNIX domain sockets is not as large as when using ShmIPC.

Applications that take advantage of UNIX domain sockets for local connections must use a logical server name for the Client DSN with ttLocalHost as the Network Address. For more information, see "Creating and configuring Client DSNs on UNIX". In addition, make sure that your system kernel parameters are configured to allow the number of connections you require. See "Installation prerequisites" in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Installation Guide.

Enable TT_PREFETCH_CLOSE for Serializable transactions

Performance impact: Variable

Enable TT_PREFETCH_CLOSE for serializable transactions in client/server applications. In Serializable isolation mode, all transactions should be committed when executed, including read-only transactions. When TT_PREFETCH_CLOSE is enabled, the server closes the cursor and commits the transaction after the server has fetched the entire result set for a read-only query. The client should still call SQLFreeStmt(SQL_CLOSE) and SQLTransact(SQL_COMMIT), but the calls are executed in the client and do not require a network round trip between the client and server. TT_PREFETCH_CLOSE enhances performance by decreasing the network traffic between client and server.

Do not use multiple statement handles when TT_PREFETCH_CLOSE is enabled. The server may fetch all of the result set, commit the transaction, and close the statement handle before the client is finished, resulting in the closing of all statement handles.

The following example shows how to use the TT_PREFETCH_CLOSE option with ODBC and JDBC. This example sets TT_PREFETCH_CLOSE with the SQLSetConnectOption ODBC function. You can also set it with the SQLSetStmtOption ODBC function.

SQLSetConnectOption (hdbc, TT_PREFETCH_CLOSE, TT_PREFETCH_CLOSE_ON);
SQLExecDirect (hstmt, "SELECT * FROM T", SQL_NTS);
while (SQLFetch (hstmt) != SQL_NO_DATA_FOUND)
{
// do the processing
}
SQLFreeStmt (hstmt, SQL_CLOSE);

This example shows how to enable the TT_PREFETCH_CLOSE option with JDBC:

con = DriverManager.getConnection ("jdbc:timesten:client:" + DSN);
stmt = con.createStatement();
import com.timesten.sql
...
...
con.setTtPrefetchClose(true);
rs = stmt.executeQuery("select * from t");
while(rs.next())
{
// do the processing
}
import com.timesten.sql
....
try {
       ((TimesTenConnection)con).setTtPrefetchClose(true);
}
catch (SQLException) {
...
}
rs.close();
con.commit();

Use a connection handle when calling SQLTransact

Performance impact: Large

An application can make a call to SQLTransact with either SQL_NULL_HDBC and a valid environment handle:

SQLTransact (ValidHENV, SQL_NULL_HDBC, fType)

or a valid connection handle:

SQLTransact (SQL_NULL_HENV, ValidHDBC, fType).

If the intention of the application is simply to commit or rollback on a single connection, it should use a valid connection handle when calling SQLTransact.

Tune statements and use indexes

Performance impact: Large

Verify that all statements are executed efficiently. For example, use queries that reference only the rows necessary to produce the required result set. If only col1 from table t1 is needed, use the statement:

SELECT col1 FROM t1...

instead of using:

SELECT * FROM t1...

Chapter 9, "The TimesTen Query Optimizer" describes how to view the plan that TimesTen uses to execute a statement. Alternatively, you can use the ttIsql showplan command to view the plan. View the plan for each frequently executed statement in the application. If indexes are not used to evaluate predicates, consider creating new indexes or rewriting the statement or query so that indexes can be used. For example, indexes can only be used to evaluate WHERE clauses when single columns appear on one side of a comparison predicate (equalities and inequalities), or in a BETWEEN predicate.

If this comparison predicate is evaluated often, it would therefore make sense to rewrite

WHERE c1+10 < c2+20

to

WHERE c1 < c2+10

and create an index on c1.

The presence of indexes does slow down write operations such as UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE and CREATE VIEW. If an application does few reads but many writes to a table, an index on that table may hurt overall performance rather than help it.

Occasionally, the system may create a temporary index to speed up query evaluation. If this happens frequently, it is better for the application itself to create the index. The CMD_TEMP_INDEXES column in the MONITOR table indicates how often a temporary index was created during query evaluation.

If you have implemented time-based aging for a table or cache group, create an index on the timestamp column for better performance of aging. See "Time-based aging".

Collect and evaluate sampling of execution times for SQL statements

TimesTen provides built-in procedures that measure the execution time of SQL operations to determine the performance of SQL statements. Instead of tracing, the built-in procedures sample the execution time of SQL statements during execution. The built-in procedures measure the execution time of SQL statements by timing the execution within the SQLExecute API.

You can configure the sampling rate and how the execution times are collected with the ttStatsConfig built-in procedure and the following name-value pairs:

The following are examples of how to set the name-value pairs with the ttStatsConfig built-in procedure:

Sample every 5th statement on connection 1.

Command> call ttStatsConfig('ConnSampleFactor', '1,5');
< CONNSAMPLEFACTOR, 1,5 >
1 row found.
 

Turn off sampling on connection 1.

Command> call ttStatsConfig('ConnSampleFactor', '1,0');
< CONNSAMPLEFACTOR, 1,0 >
1 row found.

Sample every command:

Command> call ttStatsConfig('SqlCmdSampleFactor',1);
< SQLCMDSAMPLEFACTOR, 1 >
1 row found.
 

Check whether sampling:

Command> call ttStatsConfig('SqlCmdSampleFactor');
< SQLCMDSAMPLEFACTOR, 1 >
1 row found.
 

Check the current database statistics collection level.

Command> call ttStatsConfig('StatsLevel');
< STATSLEVEL, TYPICAL >
1 row found.

Turn off database statistics collection by setting to NONE.

Command> call ttStatsConfig('StatsLevel','None');
< STATSLEVEL, NONE >
1 row found.

Once you have configured the statistics that you want collected, the collected statistics are displayed with the ttSQLCmdCacheInfo built-in procedure. To display the execution time histogram at either the command or database levels, use the ttSQLExecutionTimeHistogram built-in procedure.

The ttSQLCmdCacheInfo built-in procedure displays the following information relating to SQL execution time statistics:

• Number of fetch executions performed internally for this statement.

• The timestamp when the statement started.

• The maximum wall clock execute time in seconds of this statement.

• Last measured execution time in seconds of the statement.

• The minimum execute time in seconds of the statement.

In the following example, the display shows these statistics as the last five values:

Command> vertical call ttSQLCmdCacheInfo(135680792);

  SQLCMDID:                        146250096
  PRIVATE_COMMAND_CONNECTION_ID:   2048
  EXECUTIONS:                      40
  PREPARES:                        20
  REPREPARES:                      1
  FREEABLE:                        1
  SIZE:                            3880
  OWNER:                           ORATT
  QUERYTEXT:                       select min(unique2) from big1
  FETCHCOUNT:                      40
  STARTTIME:                       2012-06-18 13:10:46.808000
  MAXEXECUTETIME:                  .001319
  LASTEXECUTETIME:                 .000018
  MINEXECUTETIME:                  .000017
1 row found.

For more information on the ttSQLCmdCacheInfo built-in procedure, see "ttSQLCmdCacheInfo" in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Reference.

The ttSQLExecutionTimeHistogram built-in procedure displays a histogram of SQL execution times for either a single SQL command or all SQL commands in the command cache, assuming that sampling is enabled where SQLCmdSampleFactor is greater than zero.

The histogram displays a single row for each bucket of the histogram. Each row includes the following information:

• The number of SQL statement execution time operations that have been measured since either the TimesTen database was started or after the ttStatsConfig built-in procedure was used to reset statistics.

• Accumulated wall clock execution time.

• The execution time limit that denotes each time frame.

• The last row shows the number of SQL statements that executed in a particular time frame.

The following example shows the output for the ttSQLExecutionTimeHistogram built-in procedure:

The following example of the ttSQLExecutionTimeHistogram built-in procedure shows that a total of 1919 statements executed. The total time for all 1919 statements to execute was 1.090751 seconds. This example shows that SQL statements ran in the following time frames:

• 278 statements executed in a time frame that was less than or equal to .00001562 seconds.

• 1484 statements executed in a time frame that was greater than .00001562 seconds and less than or equal to .000125 seconds.

• 35 statements executed in a time frame that was greater than .000125 seconds and less than or equal to .001 seconds.

• 62 statements executed in a time frame that was greater than .001 seconds and less than or equal to .008 seconds.

• 60 statements executed in a time frame that was greater than .008 seconds and less than or equal to .064 seconds.

Command> call ttSQLExecutionTimeHistogram;
< 1919, 1.090751, .00001562, 278 >
< 1919, 1.090751, .000125, 1484 >
< 1919, 1.090751, .001, 35 >
< 1919, 1.090751, .008, 62 >
< 1919, 1.090751, .064, 60 >
< 1919, 1.090751, .512, 0 >
< 1919, 1.090751, 4.096, 0 >
< 1919, 1.090751, 32.768, 0 >
< 1919, 1.090751, 262.144, 0 >
< 1919, 1.090751, 9.999999999E+125, 0 >
10 rows found.

Select hash, range, or bitmap indexes appropriately

Performance impact: Variable

The TimesTen database supports hash, range, and bitmap indexes. The following details when it is appropriate to use each type of index.

Hash indexes are useful for finding rows with an exact match on one or more columns. Hash indexes are useful for doing equality searches. A hash index is created with either of the following:

• You can create a hash index or a unique hash index with the CREATE [UNIQUE] HASH INDEX statement.

• You can create a unique hash index when creating your table with the CREATE TABLE... UNIQUE HASH ON statement. The unique hash index is specified over the primary key columns of the table.

Range indexes are created by default with the CREATE TABLE statement or created with the CREATE [UNIQUE] HASH INDEX statement. Range indexes can speed up exact key lookups but are more flexible and can speed up other queries as well. Select a range index if your queries include LESS THAN or GREATER THAN comparisons. Range indexes are effective for high-cardinality data: that is, data with many possible values, such as CUSTOMER_NAME or PHONE_NUMBER. Range indexes are optimized for in-memory data management.

Range indexes can also be used to speed up "prefix" queries. A prefix query has equality conditions on all but the last key column that is specified. The last column of a prefix query can have either an equality condition or an inequality condition.

Consider the following table and index definitions:

CREATE TABLE T(i1 integer, i2 integer, i3 integer, ...);
CREATE INDEX IXT on T(i1, i2, i3);

The index IXT can be used to speed up the following queries:

SELECT * FROM T WHERE i1>12;
SELECT * FROM T WHERE i1=12 and i2=75;
SELECT * FROM T WHERE i1=12 and i2 BETWEEN 10 and 20;
SELECT * FROM T WHERE i1=12 and i2=75 and i3>30;

The index IXT is not used for the following queries, because the prefix property is not satisfied:

SELECT * FROM T WHERE i2=12;

There is no equality condition for i1.

The index IXT is used, but matching only occurs on the first two columns for queries like the following:

SELECT * FROM T WHERE i1=12 and i2<50 and i3=630;

Range indexes have a dynamic structure that adjusts itself automatically to accommodate changes in table size. A range index can be either unique or non-unique and can be declared over nullable columns. It also allows the indexed column values to be changed once a record is inserted. A range index is likely to be more compact than an equivalent hash index.

Bitmap indexes are created with the CREATE INDEX statement. Bitmap indexes are performant when searching and retrieving data from columns with low cardinality. Bitmap indexes are useful with equality queries, especially when using the AND and OR operators. These indexes increase the performance of complex queries that specify multiple predicates on multiple columns connected by AND and OR operators. Bitmap indexes are widely used in data warehousing environments. The environments typically have large amounts of data and ad hoc queries, but a low level of concurrent DML transactions. Bitmap indexes are compressed and have smaller storage requirements than other indexing techniques. For more details on when to use bitmap indexes, see "CREATE INDEX" in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database SQL Reference.

Size hash indexes appropriately

Performance impact: Variable

TimesTen uses hash indexes as both primary key constraints and when specified as part of the CREATE INDEX statement. The size of the hash index is determined by the PAGES parameter specified in the UNIQUE HASH ON clause of the CREATE TABLE and CREATE INDEX statements. The value for PAGES should be the expected number of rows in the table divided by 256; for example, a 256,000 row table should have PAGES = 1000. A smaller value may result in a greater number of hash collisions, decreasing performance, while a larger value may provide somewhat increased performance at the cost of extra space used by the index.

If the number of rows in the table varies dramatically, and if performance is the primary consideration, it is best to create a large index. If the size of a table cannot be accurately predicted, consider using a range index. Also, consider the use of unique indexes when the indexed columns are large CHAR or binary values or when many columns are indexed. Unique indexes may be faster than hash indexes in these cases.

If the performance of record inserts degrades as the size of the table gets larger, it is very likely that you have underestimated the expected size of the table. You can resize the hash index by using the ALTER TABLE statement to reset the PAGES value in the UNIQUE HASH ON clause. For more details, see the "ALTER TABLE... SET PAGES" section in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database SQL Reference.

Use foreign key constraint appropriately

Performance impact: Variable

The declaration of a foreign key has no performance impact on SELECT queries, but it slows down the INSERT and UPDATE operations on the table that the foreign key is defined on and the UPDATE and DELETE operations on the table referenced by the foreign key. The slow down is proportional to the number of foreign keys that either reference or are defined on the table.

Compute exact or estimated statistics

Performance impact: Large

If statistics are available on the data in the database, the TimesTen optimizer uses them when preparing a command to determine the optimal path to the data. If there are no statistics, the optimizer uses generic guesses about the data distribution.

You should compute statistics before preparing your statements, since the information is likely to result in a more efficient query optimizer plan. When gathering statistics, you need to determine when and how often to gather new statistics as performance is affected by the statistics collection process. The frequency of collection should balance the task of providing accurate statistics for the optimizer against the processing overhead incurred by the statistics collection process.

Since computing statistics is a time-consuming operation, you should compute statistics with the following guidelines:

• Update statistics after loading your database or after major application upgrades.

• Do not update statistics during a heavy transaction load.

• Update statistics when there is substantial creation or alteration on tables, columns, or PL/SQL objects.

  If you have created or altered a substantial number of tables, columns, or PL/SQL objects in your database, you should update the data dictionary optimizer statistics for the following system tables: SYS.TABLES, SYS.COLUMNS, and SYS.OBJ$.

• When you substantially modify tables in batch operations, such as a bulk load or bulk delete, you can gather statistics on these tables as part of the batch operation.

• Update statistics infrequently, such as once a week or once a month, when tables are only incrementally modified.

• Update statistics as part of a regularly executed script or batch job during low transaction load times.

Use the following for computing statistics: ttIsql statsupdate command, ttOptUpdateStats, or ttOptEstimateStats. Providing an empty string as the table name updates statistics for all tables in the current user's schema.

• The statsupdate command within ttIsql evaluates every row of the table(s) in question and computes exact statistics.

• The ttOptUpdateStats built-in procedure evaluates every row of the table(s) in question and computes exact statistics.

• The ttOptEstimateStats procedure evaluates only a sampling of the rows of the table(s) in question and produces estimated statistics. This can be faster, but may result in less accurate statistics. Computing statistics with a sample of 10 percent is about ten times faster than computing exact statistics and generally results in the same execution plans.

Create script to regenerate current table statistics

You can generate a SQL script with the ttOptStatsExport built-in procedure from which you can restore the table statistics to the current state. When you apply these statements, you re-create the same environment. Recreating the table statistics could be used for diagnosing SQL performance.

Execute the ttOptStatsExport built-in procedure to return the set of statements required to restore the table statistics to the current state. If no table is specified, ttOptStatsExport returns the set of statements required to restore the table statistics for all user tables that the calling user has permission to access.

The following example returns a set of built-in procedure commands that would be required to be executed to restore the statistics for the employees table:

Command> CALL ttOptStatsExport('HR.employees');

< call ttoptsetcolIntvlstats('HR.EMPLOYEES', 'EMPLOYEE_ID', 0, (6, 0, 107, 107,
 (20, 20, 1 ,100, 120, 101), (20, 20, 1 ,121, 141, 122), (20, 20, 1 ,142, 162, 
143), (20, 20, 1 ,163, 183, 164), (20, 20, 1 ,184, 204, 185), (1, 1, 1 ,205, 206, 
205))); >
< call ttoptsetcolIntvlstats('HR.EMPLOYEES', 'FIRST_NAME', 0, (1, 0, 89, 107, 
(89, 107, 0, 'Adam', 'Winston', 'Adam'))); >
< call ttoptsetcolIntvlstats('HR.EMPLOYEES', 'LAST_NAME', 0, (1, 0, 97, 107, (97, 
107, 0, 'Abel', 'Zlotkey', 'Abel'))); >
< call ttoptsetcolIntvlstats('HR.EMPLOYEES', 'EMAIL', 0, (6, 0, 107, 107, (20, 
20, 1, 'ABANDA', 'DGREENE', 'ABULL'), (20, 20, 1, 'DLEE', 'JKING', 'DLORENTZ'), 
(20, 20, 1, 'JLANDRY', 'LOZER', 'JLIVINGS'), (20, 20, 1, 'LPOPP', 'RMATOS', 
'LSMITH'), (20, 20, 1, 'RPERKINS', 'WGIETZ', 'SANDE'), (1, 1, 1, 'WSMITH', 
'WTAYLOR', 'WSMITH'))); >
< call ttoptsetcolIntvlstats('HR.EMPLOYEES', 'PHONE_NUMBER', 0, (1, 0, 103, 107, 
(103, 107, 0, '011.44.1343.329268', '650.509.4876', '011.44.1343.329268'))); >
< call ttoptsetcolIntvlstats('HR.EMPLOYEES', 'HIRE_DATE', 0, (1, 0, 90, 107, (90, 
107, 0 ,'1987-06-17 00:00:00', '2000-04-21 00:00:00', '1987-06-17 00:00:00'))); >
< call ttoptsetcolIntvlstats('HR.EMPLOYEES', 'JOB_ID', 0, (4, 0, 19, 107, (11, 
16, 5, 'AC_ACCOUNT', 'PR_REP', 'FI_ACCOUNT'), (3, 11, 30, 'PU_CLERK', 'SA_REP', 
'SA_REP'), (1, 20, 20, 'SH_CLERK', 'ST_CLERK', 'ST_CLERK'), (0, 0, 5, 'ST_MAN', 
'ST_MAN', 'ST_MAN'))); >
< call ttoptsetcolIntvlstats('HR.EMPLOYEES', 'SALARY', 0, (1, 0, 57, 107, (57, 
107, 0 ,2100, 24000, 2100))); >
< call ttoptsetcolIntvlstats('HR.EMPLOYEES', 'COMMISSION_PCT', 0, (1, 72, 7, 107, 
(7, 35, 0 ,0.1, 0.4, 0.1))); >
< call ttoptsetcolIntvlstats('HR.EMPLOYEES', 'MANAGER_ID', 0, (1, 1, 18, 107, 
(18, 106, 0 ,100, 205, 100))); >
< call ttoptsetcolIntvlstats('HR.EMPLOYEES', 'DEPARTMENT_ID', 0, (3, 1, 11, 107, 
(4, 10, 45 ,10, 50, 50), (2, 6, 34 ,60, 80, 80), (2, 5, 6 ,90, 110, 100))); >
< call ttoptsettblstats('HR.EMPLOYEES', 107, 0); >
12 rows found.

Control the invalidation of commands in the SQL command cache

Performance impact: Variable

TimesTen caches compiled commands in the SQL command cache. These commands can be invalidated. An invalidated command is usually reprepared automatically just before it is re-executed. A single command may be prepared several times.

When you compute statistics, the process of updating and compiling commands may compete for the same locks on certain tables. If statistics are collected in multiple transactions and commands are invalidated after each statistics update, the following issues may occur:

• A join query that references multiple tables might be invalidated and recompiled more than once.

• Locks needed for recompilation could interfere with updating statistics, which could result in a deadlock.

You can avoid these issues by controlling when commands are invalidated in the SQL command cache. In addition, you may want to hold off invalidation of all commands if you know that the table and index cardinalities will be changing significantly.

You can control invalidation of the commands, as follows:

1. Compute statistics without invalidating the commands in the SQL command cache. Set the invalidate option to 0 in either the ttIsql statsupdate command, the ttOptUpdateStats built-in procedure, or the ttOptEstimateStats built-in procedure

2. Manually invalidate the commands in the SQL command cache once all statistics have been compiled with the ttOptCmdCacheInvalidate built-in procedure.

The ttOptCmdCacheInvalidate built-in procedure can invalidate commands associated solely with a table or all commands within the SQL command cache. In addition, you can specify whether the invalidated commands are to be recompiled or marked as unusable.

Avoid ALTER TABLE

Performance impact: Variable

The ALTER TABLE statement allows applications to add columns to a table and to drop columns from a table. Although the ALTER TABLE statement itself runs very quickly in most cases, the modifications it makes to the table can cause subsequent operations on the table to run more slowly. The actual performance degradation the application experiences varies with the number of times the table has been altered and with the particular operation being performed on the table.

Dropping VARCHAR2 and VARBINARY columns is slower than dropping columns of other data types since a table scan is required to free the space allocated to the existing VARCHAR2 and VARBINARY values in the column to be dropped.

Avoid nested queries

Performance impact: Variable

If you can, it is recommended that you should rewrite your query to avoid nested queries that need materialization of many rows.

The following are examples of nested queries that may need to be materialized and result in multiple rows:

• Aggregate nested query with GROUP BY

• Nested queries that reference ROWNUM

• Union, intersect, or minus nested queries

• Nested queries with ORDER BY

For example, the following aggregate nested query results in an expensive performance impact:

select * from (select sum(x1) sum1 from t1 group by y1), 
 (select sum(x2) sum2 from t2 group by y2) where sum1=sum2;

The following is an example of a nested query that references ROWNUM:

select * from (select rownum rc, x1 from t1 where x1>100), 
 (select rownum rc, x2 from t2 where x2>100) where x1=x2;

The following is an example of a union nested query:

select * from (select x1 from t1 union select x2 from t2), 
 (select x3 from t3 group by x3) where x1=x3;

For more information on subqueries, see "Subqueries" in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database SQL Reference.

Prepare statements in advance

If you have applications that generate a statement multiple times searching for different values each time, prepare a parameterized statement to reduce compile time. For example, if your application generates statements like:

SELECT A FROM B WHERE C = 10
SELECT A FROM B WHERE C = 15

You can replace these statements with the single statement:

SELECT A FROM B WHERE C = ?

TimesTen shares prepared statements automatically after they have been committed. As a result, an application request to prepare a statement for execution may be completed very quickly if a prepared version of the statement already exists in the system. Also, repeated requests to execute the same statement can avoid the prepare overhead by sharing a previously prepared version of the statement.

Even though TimesTen allows prepared statements to be shared, it is still a good practice for performance reasons to use parameterized statements. Using parameterized statements can further reduce prepare overhead, in addition to any savings from sharing statements.

Avoid unnecessary prepare operations

Because preparing SQL statements is an expensive operation, your application should minimize the number of calls to the prepare API. Most applications prepare a set of statements at the beginning of a connection and use that set for the duration of the connection. This is a good strategy when connections are long, consisting of hundreds or thousands of transactions. But if connections are relatively short, a better strategy is to establish a long-duration connection that prepares the statements and executes them on behalf of all threads or processes. The trade-off here is between communication overhead and prepare overhead, and can be examined for each application. Prepared statements are invalidated when a connection is closed.

See "ttSQLCmdCacheInfoGet" in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Reference for related information.

Store data efficiently with table compression

TimesTen provides the ability to compress tables at the column level, which stores the data more efficiently. This mechanism provides space reduction for tables by eliminating the redundant storage of duplicate values within columns.

For more information, see "CREATE TABLE" in the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database SQL Reference.

Control read optimization during concurrent write operations

TimesTen concurrently processes read and write queries optimally. Your read queries can be optimized for read-only concurrency when you use transaction level optimizer hints such as ttOptSetFlag ('tblLock',1) or statement level optimizer hints such as /*+ tt_tbllock(1) tt_rowlock(0) */. Write queries that operate concurrently with read optimized queries may result in contention.

You can control read optimization during periods of concurrent write operations with the ttDbWriteConcurrencyModeSet built-in procedure. This built-in procedure enables you to switch between a standard mode and an enhanced write concurrent mode. In the standard mode, the optimizer respects read optimization hints. In the enhanced write concurrent mode, the optimizer ignores read optimization hints and does not use shared read table locks or write table locks.

Set the mode of the ttDbWriteConcurrencyModeSet built-in procedure to 1 to enable the enhanced write concurrent mode and disable read optimization. Set the mode to 0 to disable the enhanced write concurrent mode and re-enable read optimization.

When the mode is set to 1, all transaction and statement table lock optimizer hints are ignored. This affects the following:

• Shared read table-level locks for SELECT query and subqueries that are triggered by optimizer hints.

• Write table locks for DML statements that are triggered by optimizer hints.

Regardless of the mode setting, table locks that are not triggered by optimizer hints are not affected.

Set the wait of the ttDbWriteConcurrencyModeSet built-in procedure to 0 to perform a mode switch without notifications. Set the wait of the ttDbWriteConcurrencyModeSet built-in procedure to 1 to force the built-in procedure to wait until the mode transition is complete.

Execution of certain SQL statements causes the mode of the ttdbWriteConcurrencyModeSet built-in procedure to remain in transition. Such SQL statements must match the following two conditions:

• Affected by the write concurrency mode.

• Compiled in a different write concurrency mode.

The mode of the ttdbWriteConcurrencyModeSet built-in procedure remains in transition until all such SQL statements complete. The ttDbWriteConcurrencyModeSet built-in procedure uses lock acquisition to wait during the mode transition. An error is returned if the ttDbWriteConcurrencyModeSet built-in procedure is not granted a lock within the timeout interval of the current connection.

Limit number of join rows

Performance impact: Variable

Larger numbers of join rows decrease performance. You can limit the number of join rows and the number of tables joined by controlling the join condition. For example, use only equality conditions that map one row from one table to one or at most a few rows from the other table.

Use indexes on join columns

Performance impact: Variable

Create indexes on the columns of the detail table that are specified in the SELECT statement that creates the join. Also consider creating an index on the materialized view itself. This can improve the performance of keeping the materialized view updated.

If an UPDATE or DELETE operation on a detail table is often based on a condition on a column, try to create an index on the materialized view on this column if possible.

For example, CustOrder is a materialized view of customer orders, based on two tables. The tables are Customer and bookOrder. The former has two columns (custNo and custName) and the latter has three columns (ordNo, book, and custNo). If you often update the bookOrder table to change a particular order by using the condition bookOrder.ordNo=const, then create an index on CustOrder.ordNo. On the other hand, if you often update based on the condition bookOrder.custNo=const, then create an index on CustOrder.custNo.

If you often update using both conditions and cannot afford to create both indexes, you may want to add bookOrder.rowId in the view and create an index on it instead. In this case, TimesTen updates the view for each detail row update instead of updating all of the rows in the view directly and at the same time. The scan to find the row to be updated is an index scan instead of a row scan, and no join rows need to be generated.

If ViewUniqueMatchScan is used in the execution plan, it is a sign that the execution may be slower or require more space than necessary. A ViewUniqueMatchScan is used to handle an update or delete that cannot be translated to a direct update or delete of a materialized view, and there is no unique mapping between a join row and the associated row in the materialized view. This can be fixed by selecting a unique key for each detail table that is updated or deleted.

Avoid unnecessary updates

Performance impact: Variable

Try not to update a join column or a GROUP BY column because this involves deleting the old value and inserting the new value.

Try not to update an expression that references more than one table. This may disallow direct update of the view because TimesTen may perform another join operation to get the new value when one value in this expression is updated.

View maintenance based on an update or delete is more expensive when:

• The view cannot be updated directly. For example, not all columns specified in the detail table UPDATE or DELETE statement are selected in the view, or

• There is not an indication of a one-to-one mapping from the view rows to the join rows.

For example:

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW v1 AS SELECT x1 FROM t1, t2 WHERE x1=x2;
DELETE FROM t1 WHERE y1=1;

The extra cost comes from the fact that extra processing is needed to ensure that one and only one view row is affected due to a join row.

The problem is resolved if either x1 is UNIQUE or a unique key from t1 is included in the select list of the view. ROWID can always be used as the unique key.

Avoid changes to the inner table of an outer join

Performance impact: Variable

Since outer join maintenance is more expensive when changes happen to an inner table, try to avoid changes to the inner table of an outer join. When possible, perform INSERT operations on an inner table before inserting into the associated join rows into an outer table. Likewise, when possible perform DELETE operations on the outer table before deleting from the inner table. This avoids having to convert non-matching rows into matching rows or vice versa.

Limit number of columns in a view table

Performance impact: Variable

The number of columns projected in the view SelectList can impact performance. As the number of columns in the select list grows, the time to prepare operations on detail tables increases. In addition, the time to execute operations on the view detail tables also increases. Do not select values or expressions that are not needed.

The optimizer considers the use of temporary indexes when preparing operations on detail tables of views. This can significantly slow down prepare time, depending upon the operation and the view. If prepare time seems slow, consider using ttOptSetFlag to turn off temporary range indexes and temporary hash scans.

Size transactions appropriately

Each transaction, when it generates transaction log records (for example, a transaction that does an INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE), incurs a disk write when the transaction commits. Disk I/O affects response time and may affect throughput, depending on how effective group commit is.

Performance-sensitive applications should avoid unnecessary disk writes at commit. Use a performance analysis tool to measure the amount of time your application spends in disk writes (versus CPU time). If there seems to be an excessive amount of I/O, there are two steps you can take to avoid writes at commit:

• Adjust the transaction size.

• Adjust whether disk writes are performed at transaction commit. See "Use durable commits appropriately".

Long transactions perform fewer disk writes per unit of time than short transactions. However, long transactions also can reduce concurrency, as discussed in Chapter 7, "Transaction Management".

• If only one connection is active on a database, longer transactions could improve performance. However, long transactions may have some disadvantages, such as longer rollbacks.

• If there are multiple connections, there is a trade-off between transaction log I/O delays and locking delays. In this case, transactions are best kept to the natural length, as determined by requirements for atomicity and durability.

Use durable commits appropriately

By default, each TimesTen transaction results in a disk write at commit time. This practice ensures that no committed transactions are lost because of system or application failures. Applications can avoid some or all of these disk writes by performing nondurable commits. Nondurable commits do everything that a durable commit does except write the transaction log to disk. Locks are released and cursors are closed, but no disk write is performed.

The advantage of nondurable commits is a potential reduction in response time and increase in throughput. The disadvantage is that some transactions may be lost in the event of system failure. An application can force the transaction log to disk by performing an occasional durable commit or checkpoint, thereby decreasing the amount of potentially lost data. In addition, TimesTen itself periodically flushes the transaction log to disk when internal buffers fill up, limiting the amount of data that could be lost.

Transactions can be made durable or can be made to have delayed durability on a connection-by-connection basis. Applications can force a durable commit of a specific transaction by calling the ttDurableCommit procedure.

Applications that do not use nondurable commits can benefit from using synchronous writes in place of write and flush. To turn on synchronous writes set the first connection attribute LogFlushMethod=2.

The XACT_D_COMMITS column of the SYS.MONITOR table indicates the number of transactions that were durably committed.

Avoid frequent checkpoints

Applications that are connected to a database for a long period of time occasionally need to call the ttCkpt built-in procedure to checkpoint the database so that transaction log files do not fill up the disk. Transaction-consistent checkpoints can have a significant performance impact because they require exclusive access to the database.

It is generally better to call ttCkpt to perform a non-blocking (or "fuzzy") checkpoint than to call ttCkptBlocking to perform a blocking checkpoint. Non-blocking checkpoints may take longer, but they permit other transactions to operate against the database at the same time and thus impose less overall overhead. You can increase the interval between successive checkpoints by increasing the amount of disk space available for accumulating transaction log files.

As the transaction log increases in size (if the interval between checkpoints is large), recovery time increases accordingly. If reducing recovery time after a system crash or application failure is important, frequent checkpoints may be preferable. The DS_CHECKPOINTS column of the SYS.MONITOR table indicates how often checkpoints have successfully completed.

Turn off autocommit mode

AUTOCOMMIT mode forces a commit after each statement, and is enabled by default. Committing each statement after execution, however, can significantly degrade performance. For this reason, it is generally advisable to disable AUTOCOMMIT, using the appropriate API for your programming environment.

The XACT_COMMITS column of the SYS.MONITOR table indicates the number of transaction commits.

Avoid transaction rollback

When transactions fail due to erroneous data or application failure, they are rolled back by TimesTen automatically. In addition, applications often explicitly rollback transactions to recover from deadlock or timeout conditions. This is not desirable from a performance point of view, as a rollback consumes resources and the entire transaction is wasted.

Applications should avoid unnecessary rollbacks. This may mean designing the application to avoid contention and checking application or input data for potential errors in advance, if possible. The XACT_ROLLBACKS column of the SYS.MONITOR table indicates the number of transactions that were rolled back.

Increase the commit buffer cache size

TimesTen resource cleanup occurs during the reclaim phase of a transaction commit. During reclaim, TimesTen reexamines all the transaction log records starting from the beginning of the transaction to determine the reclaim operations that must be performed.

The reclaim phase of a large transaction commit results in a large amount of processing and is very resource intensive. You can improve performance, however, by increasing the maximum size of the commit buffer, which is the cache of transaction log records used during reclaim operations.

You can use the TimesTen CommitBufferSizeMax connection attribute to specify the maximum size of the commit buffer, in megabytes. This setting has the scope of your current session.

See "Configuring the commit buffer for reclaim operations" for information.

Set RecoveryThreads

Performance impact: Large

Set the RecoveryThreads attribute to the number of indexes or CPUs to improve recovery performance.

Run the demo applications as a prototype

Performance impact: Variable

One way to determine the approximate scaling you can expect from TimesTen is to run one of the scalable demo applications, such as tptbm, on your system.

The tptbm application implements a multi-user throughput benchmark. It enables you to control how it executes, including options to vary the number of processes that execute TimesTen operations and the transaction mix of SELECTs, UPDATEs, and INSERTs, for example. Run tptbm -help to see the full list of options.

By default the demo executes one operation per transaction. You can specify more operations per transaction to better model your application. Larger transactions may scale better or worse, depending on the application profile.

Run multi-processor versions of the demo to evaluate how your application can be expected to perform on systems that have multiple CPUs. If the demo scales well but your application scales poorly, you might try simplifying your application to see where the issue is. Some users comment out the TimesTen calls and find they still have bad scaling due to issues in the application.

You may also find, for example, that some simulated application data is not being generated properly, so that all the operations are accessing the same few rows. That type of localized access greatly inhibits scalability if the accesses involve changes to the data.

See the Quick Start home page at install_dir/quickstart.html for additional information about tptbm and other demo applications. Go to the ODBC link under "Sample Programs".

Limit database-intensive connections per CPU

Performance impact: Variable

Check the LOCK_TIMEOUTS or LOCK_GRANTS_WAIT fields in the SYS.MONITOR table. If they have high values, this may indicate undue contention, which can lead to poor scaling.

Because TimesTen is quite CPU-intensive, optimal scaling is achieved by having at most one database-intensive connection per CPU. If you have a 4-CPU system or a 2-CPU system with hyperthreading, then a 4-processor application executes well, but an 8-processor application does not perform well. The contention between the active threads is too high. The only exception to this rule is when many transactions are committed durably. In this case, the connections are not very CPU-intensive because of the increase in I/O operations to disk, and so the machine can support many more concurrent connections.

Use read operations when available

Performance impact: Variable

Read operations scale better than write operations. Make sure that the read and write balance reflects the real-life workload of your application.

Limit prepares, re-prepares and connects

Performance impact: Variable

Prepares do not scale. Make sure that you pre-prepare commands that are executed more than once. The CMD_PREPARES and CMD_REPREPARES columns of the SYS.MONITOR table indicate how often commands were prepared or automatically re-prepared due to creation or deletion of indexes. If either has a high value, modify your application to do connection pooling, so that connects and disconnects are rare events.

Connects do not scale. Make sure that you pre-prepare commands that are executed more than once. Look at the DS_CONNECTS field in the SYS.MONITOR table. If the field has a high value, modify your application to do connection pooling, so that connects and disconnects are rare events.

Allow indexes to be rebuilt in parallel during recovery

Performance impact: Variable

On multi-processor systems, set RecoveryThreads to minimum(number of CPUs available, number of indexes) to allow indexes to be rebuilt in parallel if recovery is necessary. If a rebuild is necessary, progress can be viewed in the user log. Setting RecoveryThreads to a number larger than the number of CPUs available can cause recovery to take longer than if it were single-threaded.

Use private commands

Performance impact: Variable

On multi-processor systems, if many threads are executing the same commands, then try setting PrivateCommands=1 to improve throughput or response time. The use of private commands increases the amount of temporary space used.

Increase transaction log buffer size when using XLA

A larger transaction log buffer size is appropriate when using XLA. When XLA is enabled, additional transaction log records are generated to store additional information for XLA. To ensure the transaction log buffer is properly sized, one can watch for changes in the SYS.MONITOR table entries LOG_FS_READS and LOG_BUFFER_WAITS. For optimal performance, both of these values should remain 0. Increasing the transaction log buffer size may be necessary to ensure the values remain 0.

Prefetch multiple update records

Performance impact: Medium

Prefetching multiple update records at a time is more efficient than obtaining each update record from XLA individually. Because updates are not prefetched when you use AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE mode, it can be slower than the other modes. If possible, you should design your application to tolerate duplicate updates so you can use DUPS_OK_ACKNOWLEDGE, or explicitly acknowledge updates. Explicitly acknowledging updates usually yields the best performance if the application can tolerate not acknowledging each message individually.

Acknowledge XLA updates

Performance impact: Medium

To explicitly acknowledge an XLA update, you call acknowledge on the update message. Acknowledging a message implicitly acknowledges all previous messages. Typically, you receive and process multiple update messages between acknowledgements. If you are using the CLIENT_ACKNOWLEDGE mode and intend to reuse a durable subscription in the future, you should call acknowledge to reset the bookmark to the last-read position before exiting.