15 Managing Database Failover and Recovery

Subscriber failures

In a default asynchronous replication scheme, if a subscriber database becomes inoperable or communication to a subscriber database fails, updates at the master are not impeded and the cluster manager does not have to take any immediate action.

During outages at subscriber systems, updates intended for the subscriber are saved in the transaction log on the master. If the subscriber agent reestablishes communication with its master before the master reaches its FAILTHRESHOLD, the updates held in the log are automatically transferred to the subscriber and no further action is required. See "Setting the transaction log failure threshold" for details on how to establish the FAILTHRESHOLD value for the master database.

If the FAILTHRESHOLD is exceeded, the master sets the subscriber to the failed state and it must be recovered, as described in "Recovering a failed database". Any application that connects to the failed subscriber receives a tt_ErrReplicationInvalid (8025) warning indicating that the database has been marked failed by a replication peer.

An application can use the ODBC SQLGetInfo function to check if the subscriber database it is connected to has been set to the failed state. The SQLGetInfo function includes a TimesTen-specific infotype, TT_REPLICATION_INVALID, that returns a 32-bit integer value of '1' if the database is failed, or '0' if not failed.

However, if you are using bidirectional replication scheme where each database serves as both master and subscriber and one of the subscribers fail, then an error condition may occur. For example, assuming that the masters and subscribers for the bidirectional replication scheme are defined as follows:

CREATE REPLICATION r1
ELEMENT elem_accounts_1 TABLE ttuser.accounts
  MASTER westds ON "westcoast"
  SUBSCRIBER eastds ON "eastcoast"
ELEMENT elem_accounts_2 TABLE ttuser.accounts
  MASTER eastds ON "eastcoast"
  SUBSCRIBER westds ON "westcoast";

• If the eastds subscriber fails, the westds master stops accumulating updates for this subscriber since it received a failure.

• When the eastds subscriber fails, the replication agent shuts down on eastds. However, the eastds master continues accumulating updates to propagate to its subscriber on westds unaware that the replication agent has shut down. These updates continue to accumulate past the defined FAILTHRESHOLD since the replication agent (who propagates the records to the subscriber as well as monitors the FAILTHRESHOLD) is down.

When you are using a bidirectional replication scheme and TT_REPLICATION_INVALID is set to 1 on the failed database, perform the following:

1. Destroy the failed database (in this example, the eastds database).

2. Recreate the failed database by performing a ttRepAdmin -duplicate operation from the other master in the bidirectional replication scheme (in this example, the master on westds).

SQLINTEGER retStatus;

SQLGetInfo(hdbc, TT_REPLICATION_INVALID,
          (PTR)&retStatus, NULL, NULL);

Master failures

The cluster manager plays a more central role if a failure involves the master database. If a master database fails, the cluster manager must detect this event and redirect the user load to one of its surviving databases. This surviving subscriber then becomes the master, which continues to accept transactions and replicates them to the other surviving subscriber databases. If the failed master and surviving subscriber are configured in a bidirectional manner, transferring the user load from a failed master to a subscriber does not require that you make any changes to your replication scheme. However, when using unidirectional replication or complex schemes, such as those involving propagators, you may have to issue one or more ALTER REPLICATION statements to reconfigure the surviving subscriber as the "new master" in your scheme. See "Replacing a master database" for an example.

When the problem is resolved, if you are not using the bidirectional configuration or the active standby pair described in "Automatic catch-up of a failed master database", you must recover the master database as described in "Recovering a failed database".

After the database is back online, the cluster manager can either transfer the user load back to the original master or reestablish it as a subscriber for the "acting master."

Automatic catch-up of a failed master database

The master catch-up feature automatically restores a failed master database from a subscriber database without the need to invoke the ttRepAdmin -duplicate operation described in "Recovering a failed database".

The master catch-up feature needs no configuration, but it can be used only in the following types of configurations:

• A single master replicated in a bidirectional manner to a single subscriber

• An active standby pair that is configured with RETURN TWOSAFE

For replication schemes that are not active standby pairs, the following must be true:

• The ELEMENT type is DATASTORE.

• TRANSMIT NONDURABLE or RETURN TWOSAFE must be enabled.

• All replicated transactions must be committed nondurably. They must be transmitted to the remote database before they are committed on the local database. For example, if the replication scheme is configured with RETURN TWOSAFE BY REQUEST and any transaction is committed without first enabling RETURN TWOSAFE, master catch-up may not occur after a failure of the master.

When the master replication agent is restarted after a crash or invalidation, any lost transactions that originated on the master are automatically reapplied from the subscriber to the master (or from the standby to the active in an active standby pair). No connections are allowed to the master database until it has completely caught up with the subscriber. Applications attempting to connect to a database during the catch-up phase receive an error that indicates a catch-up is in progress. The only exception is connecting to a database with the ForceConnect first connection attribute set in the DSN.

When the catch-up phase is complete, the application can connect to the database. An SNMP trap and message to the system log indicate the completion of the catch-up phase.

If one of the databases is invalidated or crashes during the catch-up process, the catch-up phase is resumed when the database comes back up.

Master catch-up can fail under these circumstances:

• The failed database is offline long enough for the failure threshold to be exceeded on the subscriber database (the standby database in an active standby pair).

• Dynamic load operations are taking place on the active database in an active standby pair when the failure occurs. RETURN TWOSAFE is not enabled for dynamic load operations even though it is enabled for the active database. The database failure causes the dynamic load transactions to be trapped and RETURN TWOSAFE to fail.

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM reptable;

Failures in bidirectional distributed workload schemes

You can distribute the workload over multiple bidirectionally replicated databases, each of which serves as both master and subscriber. When recovering a master/subscriber database, the log on the failed database may present problems when you restart replication. See "Bidirectional distributed workload scheme".

If a database in a distributed workload scheme fails and work is shifted to a surviving database, the information in the surviving database becomes more current than that in the failed database. If replication is restarted at the failed system before the log failure threshold has been reached on the surviving database, then both databases attempt to update one another with the contents of their transaction logs. In this case, the older updates in the transaction log on the failed database may overwrite more recent data on the surviving system.

There are two ways to recover in such a situation:

• If the timestamp conflict resolution rules described in Chapter 13, "Resolving Replication Conflicts" are sufficient to guarantee consistency for your application, then you can restart the failed system and allow the updates from the failed database to propagate to the surviving database. The conflict resolution rules prevent more recent updates from being overwritten.

• Re-create the failed database, as described in "Recovering a failed database". If the database must be re-created, the updates in the log on the failed database that were not received by the surviving database cannot be identified or restored. In the case of several surviving databases, you must select which of the surviving databases is to be used to re-create the failed database. It is possible that at the time the failed database is re-created, the selected surviving database may not have received all updates from the other surviving databases. This results in diverging databases. The only way to prevent this situation is to re-create the other surviving databases from the selected surviving database.

Network failures

In the event of a temporary network failure, you do not need to perform any specific action to continue replication. The replication agents that were in communication attempt to reconnect every few seconds. If the agents reconnect before the master database runs out of log space, the replication protocol makes sure they do not miss or repeat any replication updates. If the network is unavailable for a longer period and the log failure threshold has been exceeded for the master log, you need to recover the subscriber as described in "Recovering a failed database".

Failures involving sequences

After a network link failure, if replication is allowed to recover by replaying queued logs, you do not need to take any action.

However, if the failed host was down for a significant amount of time, you must use the ttRepAdmin -duplicate command to repopulate the database on the failed host with transactions from the surviving host, as sequences are not rolled back during failure recovery. In this case, the ttRepAdmin -duplicate command copies the sequence definitions from one database to the other.

Recovering a failed database from the command line

If the databases are fully replicated, you can use the ttDestroy utility to remove the failed database from memory and ttRepAdmin -duplicate to re-create it from a surviving database. If the database contains any cache groups, you must also use the -keepCG option of ttRepAdmin. See "Duplicating a database".

> ttdestroy /tmp/subscriberds

> ttrepadmin -dsn subscriberds -duplicate -from masterds -host "system1" -uid ttuser

After re-creating the database with ttRepAdmin -duplicate, the first connection to the database reloads it into memory. To improve performance when duplicating large databases, you can avoid the reload step by using the ttRepAdmin -ramload option to keep the database in memory after the duplicate operation.

> ttdestroy /tmp/subscriberds

> ttrepadmin -dsn subscriberds -duplicate -ramload -from masterds -host "system1"
-uid ttuser -setmasterrepstart

Recovering a failed database from a C program

You can use the C functions provided in the TimesTen utility library to recover a failed database programmatically.

If the databases are fully replicated, you can use ttDestroyDataStore function to remove the failed database and the ttRepDuplicateEx function to re-create it from a surviving database.

int          rc;
ttutilhandle utilhandle;
ttrepduplicateexarg arg;
memset( &arg, 0, sizeof( arg ) );
arg.size = sizeof( ttrepduplicateexarg );
arg.flags = tt_repdup_repstart | tt_repdup_ramload;
arg.uid=ttuser;
arg.pwd=ttuser;
arg.localhost = "system2";
rc = ttdestroydatastore( utilhandle, "subscriberds", 30 );
rc = ttrepduplicateex( utilhandle, "dsn=subscriberds",
                      "masterds", "system1", &arg );

See "TimesTen Utility API" in Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database C Developer's Guide for the complete list of the functions provided in the TimesTen C language utility library.