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Oracle® Database Concepts
11
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Release 2 (11.2)
E40540-01
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Contents
Title and Copyright Information
Preface
Audience
Documentation Accessibility
Related Documentation
Conventions
1
Introduction to Oracle Database
About Relational Databases
Database Management System (DBMS)
Relational Model
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
Brief History of Oracle Database
Schema Objects
Tables
Indexes
Data Access
Structured Query Language (SQL)
PL/SQL and Java
Transaction Management
Transactions
Data Concurrency
Data Consistency
Oracle Database Architecture
Database and Instance
Database Storage Structures
Database Instance Structures
Application and Networking Architecture
Oracle Database Documentation Roadmap
Basic Group
Intermediate Group
Advanced Group
Part I Oracle Relational Data Structures
2
Tables and Table Clusters
Introduction to Schema Objects
Schema Object Types
Schema Object Storage
Schema Object Dependencies
SYS and SYSTEM Schemas
Sample Schemas
Overview of Tables
Columns and Rows
Example: CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE Statements
Oracle Data Types
Integrity Constraints
Object Tables
Temporary Tables
External Tables
Table Storage
Table Compression
Overview of Table Clusters
Overview of Indexed Clusters
Overview of Hash Clusters
3
Indexes and Index-Organized Tables
Overview of Indexes
Index Characteristics
B-Tree Indexes
Bitmap Indexes
Function-Based Indexes
Application Domain Indexes
Index Storage
Overview of Index-Organized Tables
Index-Organized Table Characteristics
Index-Organized Tables with Row Overflow Area
Secondary Indexes on Index-Organized Tables
4
Partitions, Views, and Other Schema Objects
Overview of Partitions
Partition Characteristics
Partitioned Tables
Partitioned Indexes
Partitioned Index-Organized Tables
Overview of Views
Characteristics of Views
Updatable Join Views
Object Views
Overview of Materialized Views
Characteristics of Materialized Views
Refresh Methods for Materialized Views
Query Rewrite
Overview of Sequences
Sequence Characteristics
Concurrent Access to Sequences
Overview of Dimensions
Hierarchical Structure of a Dimension
Creation of Dimensions
Overview of Synonyms
5
Data Integrity
Introduction to Data Integrity
Techniques for Guaranteeing Data Integrity
Advantages of Integrity Constraints
Types of Integrity Constraints
NOT NULL Integrity Constraints
Unique Constraints
Primary Key Constraints
Foreign Key Constraints
Check Constraints
States of Integrity Constraints
Checks for Modified and Existing Data
Deferrable Constraints
Examples of Constraint Checking
6
Data Dictionary and Dynamic Performance Views
Overview of the Data Dictionary
Contents of the Data Dictionary
Storage of the Data Dictionary
How Oracle Database Uses the Data Dictionary
Overview of the Dynamic Performance Views
Contents of the Dynamic Performance Views
Storage of the Dynamic Performance Views
Database Object Metadata
Part II Oracle Data Access
7
SQL
Introduction to SQL
SQL Data Access
SQL Standards
Overview of SQL Statements
Data Definition Language (DDL) Statements
Data Manipulation Language (DML) Statements
Transaction Control Statements
Session Control Statements
System Control Statement
Embedded SQL Statements
Overview of the Optimizer
Use of the Optimizer
Optimizer Components
Access Paths
Optimizer Statistics
Optimizer Hints
Overview of SQL Processing
Stages of SQL Processing
How Oracle Database Processes DML
How Oracle Database Processes DDL
8
Server-Side Programming: PL/SQL and Java
Introduction to Server-Side Programming
Overview of PL/SQL
PL/SQL Subprograms
PL/SQL Packages
PL/SQL Anonymous Blocks
PL/SQL Language Constructs
PL/SQL Collections and Records
How PL/SQL Runs
Overview of Java in Oracle Database
Overview of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
Java Programming Environment
Overview of Triggers
Advantages of Triggers
Types of Triggers
Timing for Triggers
Creation of Triggers
Execution of Triggers
Storage of Triggers
Part III Oracle Transaction Management
9
Data Concurrency and Consistency
Introduction to Data Concurrency and Consistency
Multiversion Read Consistency
Locking Mechanisms
ANSI/ISO Transaction Isolation Levels
Overview of Oracle Database Transaction Isolation Levels
Read Committed Isolation Level
Serializable Isolation Level
Read-Only Isolation Level
Overview of the Oracle Database Locking Mechanism
Summary of Locking Behavior
Use of Locks
Lock Modes
Lock Conversion and Escalation
Lock Duration
Locks and Deadlocks
Overview of Automatic Locks
DML Locks
DDL Locks
System Locks
Overview of Manual Data Locks
Overview of User-Defined Locks
10
Transactions
Introduction to Transactions
Sample Transaction: Account Debit and Credit
Structure of a Transaction
Statement-Level Atomicity
System Change Numbers (SCNs)
Overview of Transaction Control
Transaction Names
Active Transactions
Savepoints
Rollback of Transactions
Committing Transactions
Overview of Autonomous Transactions
Overview of Distributed Transactions
Two-Phase Commit
In-Doubt Transactions
Part IV Oracle Database Storage Structures
11
Physical Storage Structures
Introduction to Physical Storage Structures
Mechanisms for Storing Database Files
Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM)
Oracle Managed Files and User-Managed Files
Overview of Data Files
Use of Data Files
Permanent and Temporary Data Files
Online and Offline Data Files
Data File Structure
Overview of Control Files
Use of Control Files
Multiple Control Files
Control File Structure
Overview of the Online Redo Log
Use of the Online Redo Log
How Oracle Database Writes to the Online Redo Log
Structure of the Online Redo Log
12
Logical Storage Structures
Introduction to Logical Storage Structures
Logical Storage Hierarchy
Logical Space Management
Overview of Data Blocks
Data Blocks and Operating System Blocks
Data Block Format
Data Block Compression
Space Management in Data Blocks
Overview of Extents
Allocation of Extents
Deallocation of Extents
Storage Parameters for Extents
Overview of Segments
User Segments
Temporary Segments
Undo Segments
Segment Space and the High Water Mark
Overview of Tablespaces
Permanent Tablespaces
Temporary Tablespaces
Tablespace Modes
Tablespace File Size
Part V Oracle Instance Architecture
13
Oracle Database Instance
Introduction to the Oracle Database Instance
Database Instance Structure
Database Instance Configurations
Overview of Instance Startup and Shutdown
Overview of Instance and Database Startup
Overview of Database and Instance Shutdown
Overview of Checkpoints
Purpose of Checkpoints
When Oracle Database Initiates Checkpoints
Overview of Instance Recovery
Purpose of Instance Recovery
When Oracle Database Performs Instance Recovery
Importance of Checkpoints for Instance Recovery
Instance Recovery Phases
Overview of Parameter Files
Initialization Parameters
Server Parameter Files
Text Initialization Parameter Files
Modification of Initialization Parameter Values
Overview of Diagnostic Files
Automatic Diagnostic Repository
Alert Log
Trace Files
14
Memory Architecture
Introduction to Oracle Database Memory Structures
Basic Memory Structures
Oracle Database Memory Management
Overview of the User Global Area
Overview of the Program Global Area
Contents of the PGA
PGA Usage in Dedicated and Shared Server Modes
Overview of the System Global Area
Database Buffer Cache
Redo Log Buffer
Shared Pool
Large Pool
Java Pool
Streams Pool
Fixed SGA
Overview of Software Code Areas
15
Process Architecture
Introduction to Processes
Multiple-Process Oracle Database Systems
Types of Processes
Overview of Client Processes
Client and Server Processes
Connections and Sessions
Overview of Server Processes
Dedicated Server Processes
Shared Server Processes
Overview of Background Processes
Mandatory Background Processes
Optional Background Processes
Slave Processes
16
Application and Networking Architecture
Overview of Oracle Application Architecture
Overview of Client/Server Architecture
Overview of Multitier Architecture
Overview of Grid Architecture
Overview of Oracle Networking Architecture
How Oracle Net Services Works
The Oracle Net Listener
Dedicated Server Architecture
Shared Server Architecture
Database Resident Connection Pooling
Overview of the Program Interface
Program Interface Structure
Program Interface Drivers
Communications Software for the Operating System
Part VI Oracle Database Administration and Development
17
Topics for Database Administrators and Developers
Overview of Database Security
User Accounts
Authentication
Encryption
Oracle Data Redaction
Access Control
Monitoring
Overview of High Availability
High Availability and Unplanned Downtime
High Availability and Planned Downtime
Overview of Grid Computing
Database Server Grid
Database Storage Grid
Overview of Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence
Data Warehousing and OLTP
Data Warehouse Architecture
Overview of Extraction, Transformation, and Loading (ETL)
Business Intelligence
Overview of Oracle Information Integration
Federated Access
Information Sharing
18
Concepts for Database Administrators
Duties of Database Administrators
Tools for Database Administrators
Oracle Enterprise Manager
SQL*Plus
Tools for Database Installation and Configuration
Tools for Oracle Net Configuration and Administration
Tools for Data Movement and Analysis
Topics for Database Administrators
Backup and Recovery
Memory Management
Resource Management and Task Scheduling
Performance Diagnostics and Tuning
19
Concepts for Database Developers
Duties of Database Developers
Tools for Database Developers
SQL Developer
Oracle Application Express
Oracle JDeveloper
Oracle JPublisher
Oracle Developer Tools for Visual Studio .NET
Topics for Database Developers
Principles of Application Design and Tuning
Client-Side Database Programming
Globalization Support
Unstructured Data
Glossary
Index
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